Gift Nifty slips on Trump’s H1B Visa fees shock; IT ADRs slid

 


·         The market is not prepared for Trump’ return gift to Modi’s birthday, as $100K annual fees on H1B Visa, which may impact Indian IT and other sectors

·         Trump may also impose some form of tariffs/taxes on Indian IT & other outsourcing services as reciprocal treatment to have a favorable trade deal with India

·         India also imposes 18% IGST on all US services in India

·         Overall, the H1B Visa policy is in line with Trump’s long-term campaign promise to ensure American jobs and MAGA ideology

·         But overall, Trump’s tone was softer than that of his Commerce Secretary and a known policy hawk, Lutnick, which may pave the way for some compromise with ‘Great Friend’ Modi/India

·         At the same time, other developed countries like the UK, Germany/the EU, and Canada may take similar H1B Visa actions on foreign workers due to growing domestic political compulsions


India’s benchmark stock index, Nifty, surged almost 0.85% for the week ended September 20, 2025, on renewed hopes of MAGA & MIGA coexistence; i.e., optimism about improving trade and diplomatic ties between India and the US. The positive sentiment was sparked by exchanges of Truths/Tweets between U.S. President Trump and Indian PM Modi, particularly following Trump’s warm birthday wishes to Modi on his 75th birthday (September 17), which Modi reciprocated promptly, and both called each other ‘friend’.

The reopening of the communications channel between Trump and Modi has fueled hopes of smoother trade negotiations and stronger bilateral relations, boosting investor confidence again after Trump’s bellicose and often insulting comments about India on trade, tariffs, and the economy. India’s benchmark stock index, Nifty, surged almost 4% in September (till 19th) on GST reform optimism and hopes of improving US-India diplomatic relations as Trump almost blinked on Modi’s China & EU card.

Also, the Fed’s 25 bps rate cut on September 17, along with the dot-plot hints of another 50 bps rate cut in October and December, sparked the Indian market; the RBI may follow suit. Additionally, the Indian market was also boosted by hopes of an imminent withdrawal of the 25% ‘punishment’ levy for Russian oil issues amid progress of the Ukraine war ceasefire and softer tone of Trump, now pressuring the EU to impose 100% tariffs on China; not mentioned India. Also, some Indian media & policy makers are expecting 10-15% US tariffs on Indian goods and vice-versa as a result of the potential BTA by October-December ’25. Nifty slumped almost 4% in the last two months (July-August) on the Trump trade/tariff war tantrum.

On late September 16, Trump posted on his Truth: “Just had a wonderful phone call with my friend, Prime Minister Narendra Modi. I wished him a very Happy Birthday! He is doing a tremendous job. Narendra: Thank you for your support in ending the War between Russia and Ukraine! President DJT”

In response, Modi tweeted soon:Thank you, my friend, President Trump, for your phone call and warm greetings on my 75th birthday. Like you, I am also fully committed to taking the India-US Comprehensive and Global Partnership to new heights. We support your initiatives towards a peaceful resolution of the Ukraine conflict.”

Catalyst for the latest rally

The market’s upbeat mood stems from a thaw in India-U.S. relations, with Trump expressing confidence in a "successful conclusion" to ongoing trade talks. His remarks, coupled with Modi’s positive response, have alleviated concerns over potential trade barriers, such as tariffs, that had previously weighed on investor sentiment. The Nifty 50 has been on a strong upward trajectory, logging its longest winning streak in over four months; 3rd consecutive weekly gain. This rally follows a period of correction/consolidation, with the index still down approximately 5% from its record highs in September 2024 on concerns of expensive valuation. Apart from Trump trade truce optimism, the current momentum may be a combination of domestic and global factors, including India’s GST reforms, robust GDP growth, stabilized inflation, and steady inflows from domestic institutional investors and mutual funds (DIIs).

The Chabahar Sanctions Revocation: A Strategic Blow for India?

The Indian benchmark index Nifty slips on Friday (19th September), snapping a three-day winning streak as Trump’s India tantrum resurfaced, triggered by the Trump administration's decision to revoke the 2018 sanctions exemption for operations at Iran's Chabahar Port. The move, effective September 29, 2025, has cast a shadow over India's $120 million investment in the strategic port and broader regional trade ambitions, reigniting fears of strained US-India ties just as trade talks appeared to thaw. This marked a reversal from the optimism earlier in the week, fueled by hopes of more US Federal Reserve (Fed) rate cuts and progress on the Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA). This echoed the broader irony of Trump's "maximum pressure" on Iran benefiting China while squeezing India.

The US State Department and Treasury announced the revocation on September 18, 2025. This is in alignment with President Trump's "maximum pressure" policy to isolate Iran over its alleged support for regional proxies and weapons proliferation. The 2018 waiver under the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (IFCA) had exempted India from penalties for developing and operating the Shahid Beheshti terminal at Chabahar, recognizing its role in Afghanistan's reconstruction. India Ports Global Limited (IPGL), a state-run entity, has managed the terminal since 2018, handling over 8 million tonnes of cargo and facilitating humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.

With the exemption ending September 29, Indian operators and partners now risk US sanctions, including asset freezes and transaction bans. India's May 2024 10-year deal with Iran—valued at $250 million in credit for infrastructure—now hangs in the balance, with the initial $120 million investment directly threatened. External Affairs Ministry sources expressed "deep concern," calling it an "India-specific punitive step" that undermines regional stability. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's office has not commented publicly, but diplomatic channels are active, with a potential Modi-Trump call floated to address the fallout.

The decision exacerbates frictions in the US-India relationship, coming amid ongoing BTA negotiations stalled by 50% US tariffs on Indian exports (tied to Russian oil purchases). Just days after a "positive" September 16 preparatory meeting in Delhi, this move signals Trump's willingness to prioritize Iran isolation over bilateral goodwill, despite India's compliance with US sanctions during his first term (halting Iranian oil imports in 2019). It risks alienating Tehran, a key partner in energy security, and complicates Modi's multi-alignment strategy—balancing QUAD ties with Russia-Iran outreach. This has amplified calls for India to diversify even amid the "Modi ego-disaster" and Trump's birthday wishes to Modi earlier in the week.

Threats to Afghan-Central Asia Links and Counter to China's Gwadar: India’s pain & China’s gain?

Chabahar is pivotal for India's access to landlocked Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan via the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) to Russia. It has enabled wheat shipments (over 40,000 tonnes since 2022) and humanitarian aid post-Taliban takeover, fostering economic ties worth $2-3 billion annually. The sanctions threat could halt operations, isolating these routes and handing Pakistan a strategic edge. More critically, Chabahar—located just 140 km from Pakistan's Chinese-operated Gwadar Port—serves as India's counterweight to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Gwadar, part of the $62 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), enhances Beijing's Indian Ocean presence. Disrupting Chabahar bolsters China's regional dominance, potentially ceding $5-10 billion in trade opportunities to India by 2030. Experts warn this could be "maximum payoff for Beijing," echoing Trump's first-term policies that funneled cheap Iranian oil to China after India's import halt.

On late Friday, India’s Gift Nifty Future (India 50/SGX Nifty) slipped over 150 points to almost 25300 after White House Official and spokesperson tweeted: Trump is expected to add a new $100,000 fee for H-1B visas, and is set to sign the order as soon as Friday. Indian tech ADRs like Infy, TCS slid almost 5%.

Trump Signs Executive Orders Establishing "Gold Card" Visa Program and Imposing $100,000 (annual) H-1B Fees

In a bold move and in line with his campaign promise to overhaul U.S. immigration and visa policies to safeguard American tech jobs, President Trump signed two executive orders on Friday, introducing the "Trump Gold Card" program for wealthy immigrants and slapping a hefty $100,000 & $200,000 annual fee on H-1B visa applicants & sponsors (employee companies). The actions, announced during a White House ceremony flanked by Commerce Secretary Lutnick, aim to prioritize "high-value" immigrants while curbing what Trump called the "overuse" of common skilled worker visas that undercut American jobs. The orders take effect immediately, with the Gold Card rollout slated for early 2026 pending regulatory tweaks.

The "Gold Card": A $1 Million Fast-Track for Elite Immigrants

The flagship order, titled "Establishing the Gold Card Visa Program," creates an expedited pathway for foreigners who demonstrate "exceptional value" to the U.S. through significant financial contributions. Individuals can apply for a renewable 10-year "Gold Card" visa—akin to a golden ticket for permanent residency—by donating or investing at least $1 million directly into U.S. Treasury funds or approved infrastructure projects. Corporations seeking to sponsor employees can pay up to $2 million per applicant for accelerated processing, framing it as a "signing bonus" for top talent in fields like tech, finance, and energy.

Trump touted the program as a "win-win for America," arguing it would generate billions in revenue to fuel domestic industry while attracting "the best and brightest" without straining public resources. "You can prove your value by contributing a million dollars—simple as that," Trump said during the signing, drawing parallels to sports contracts. Proceeds will flow into a dedicated Treasury fund for commerce initiatives, with Lutnick predicting it could raise $50-100 billion annually. A "Platinum Card" variant, requiring congressional approval and potentially higher fees, was teased but not included in the order.

Critics, including immigration advocates, decried it as a "pay-to-play" scheme favoring the ultra-wealthy, potentially exacerbating inequality; a billionaire's green card; Trump signs 'Gold Card' executive order, expediting H-1B visas for a fee up to $2,000,000, and imposing a $100,000 annual sponsorship fee for regular applicants. MAGA supporters, however, hailed it as "America First innovation," calling it a "game changer" against "cheap foreign labor pipelines," led by Indians.

H-1B Overhaul: $100,000 annual Fee to Deter "Abuse" and Protect U.S. Workers

The second order targets the H-1B program, which brings in about 85,000 skilled workers annually for specialty occupations like software engineering and data science—many from India and China. It mandates a new $100,000-per-year sponsorship fee on top of existing application costs (around $2,000-5,000), payable by employers for each visa holder. Trump described it as a "deterrent to overuse," ensuring companies only hire foreigners who are "truly exceptional" or risk financial pain, potentially forcing them to prioritize American talent.

"This fee will make sure the H-1B is for the best of the best, not a loophole for cheap labor," Trump stated, echoing his first-term restrictions that limited visas during the COVID pandemic. Commerce Secretary Lutnick added, "Either the person is very valuable... or they’re going to depart, and the company will hire an American." The fee could generate $8-10 billion yearly, funneled toward workforce training programs.

The tech industry, heavily reliant on H-1B visas (e.g., 70% of Silicon Valley's foreign-born workforce), reacted with alarm. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce warned of talent shortages and higher costs passed to consumers, while Indian IT firms like Infosys and TCS—major H-1B users—saw shares dip 5-4% in after-hours trading. Immigration groups like the American Immigration Council called it a "tax on innovation," projecting a 30-50% drop in H-1B approvals.

SUMMARY OF H-1B EXECUTIVE ORDER

·         ENTRY BAN: No H-1B visa holder may enter the United States beginning Sunday, September 21st, including current visa holders, unless they pay $100K to enter.

·         VISA FEE: New H-1B and H-1B extensions must pay $100K to be processed and $100 per year every year thereafter to maintain them.

·         This will effectively end the H-1B program completely. No one, even the highest paid at 500K, will be paying an extra 100K a year to the government.

·         It will cause uncertainties in the US health care, higher education, and technology sectors if this isn't stayed by the court immediately.

Broader Context and Implications

These orders cap a flurry of Trump immigration actions since his January 2025 inauguration, including mass deportation plans and curbs on asylum. They come amid soaring U.S. grocery prices (up 3% year-over-year) from tariffs—ironically pressuring Trump to balance economic nationalism with talent needs. For India-U.S. ties- already strained by 50% tariffs and Chabahar sanctions, the H-1B fee hits hard: Indian nationals receive 70% of H-1Bs, potentially derailing BTA talks where visa reciprocity is a flashpoint.

Legal challenges are expected, with the ACLU vowing suits over the Gold Card's constitutionality. Economists estimate the policies could boost federal revenue by $60 billion but slow GDP growth by 0.5-1% via talent gaps. Trump's turning visas into a luxury good—only the rich need apply, and it may be a reply to India’s 40% GST on Luxury goods from the US.

Trump Slaps $100K Annual Fee on H-1B Visas: How It Will Impact Indian Workers.

In a sweeping escalation of his "America First" immigration agenda, President Donald Trump signed a proclamation on September 19 imposing a staggering $100,000 annual fee on H-1B visa applications, effective immediately for new petitions. This move, part of a broader executive action that also launched a $1 million "Gold Card" visa for elite immigrants, targets the program that brings in 85,000 high-skilled foreign workers annually—many from India—to fill roles in tech, engineering, healthcare, and consulting. The policy, hailed by Trump as a way to "protect American workers from abuse," has sent shockwaves through the U.S. tech sector, with Indian professionals— who comprise about 70-72% of H-1B recipients—facing the brunt of reduced opportunities, higher barriers to entry, and potential job losses.

Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, speaking alongside Trump in the Oval Office, defended the fee as a deterrent to "overuse," stating, "No more will big tech companies train foreign workers. They have to pay the government $100,000; then pay the employee—it's just not economic-- Train Americans instead." Trump echoed this, claiming major firms like Amazon, Microsoft, and Meta are "on board" and that the policy ensures only "truly exceptional" talent enters, while generating $8-10 billion annually for U.S. workforce training. White House Staff Secretary Will Scharf added that it addresses the program's "abuse," prioritizing roles unfilled by U.S. workers.

The H-1B program, capped at 65,000 visas plus 20,000 for advanced-degree holders, has long been a lifeline for U.S. innovation, with employers previously paying modest fees (around $2,000-5,000 per application). Now, the $100,000 per year—potentially totaling $300,000-$600,000 over a visa's 3-6 year lifespan—shifts the economics dramatically, likely slashing approvals by 30-50% and prompting offshoring.

Why This Hits Indian Workers Hardest

Indians dominate the H-1B landscape: In FY24, they secured 72% of approvals (over 377,000 petitions filed), far outpacing China's 12%, fueling the "brain drain" from India's IT hubs like Bengaluru and Hyderabad. Firms like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro—giant employers of Indian talent—filed over 20,000 H-1Bs in the first half of 2025 alone, while U.S. Big Tech (Amazon: 12,000+ approvals; Microsoft/Meta: 5,000+ each) relies on them for software, AI, and cloud roles. The fee, borne by employers but often offset by lower wages for visa holders (averaging $60,000-$100,000 vs. $120,000+ for Americans), could make sponsorships untenable for mid-level roles.



Key Impacts on Indian Professionals

The ripple effects are multifaceted, blending economic, career, and systemic challenges:

·         Fewer Sponsorships and Job Opportunities: Smaller firms and startups—key entry points for fresh graduates—may abandon H-1B hiring altogether, as the fee dwarfs their budgets. Even giants could pivot to domestic training or offshoring to India, where talent costs 30-50% less. Entry- and mid-level engineers (e.g., in routine coding or support) face the sharpest cuts, while niche experts in AI/ML or cybersecurity might still qualify if deemed "irreplaceable." Projections suggest a 40% drop in Indian H-1B approvals by FY2026, stranding thousands in the visa lottery backlog.

·         Wage Suppression and Exploitation Risks: Critics argue the program already enables underpayment; the fee could exacerbate this, with employers demanding concessions from workers to offset costs. Indian H-1B holders, often on 3-year visas renewable once, report earning 10-20% less than peers due to "visa dependency," heightening vulnerability to layoffs (as seen in 2023 tech cuts). Trump's accompanying order to revise prevailing wage rules could raise minimums to $100,000+, but only for "extraordinary" roles, leaving many in limbo.

·         Green Card Delays and Family Strain: With H-1B as a bridge to permanent residency, the fee delays green cards for Indians mired in 10-20 year backlogs (per-country caps). Families—spouses on H-4 visas often barred from work—face prolonged uncertainty, with children aging out of dependent status. This could accelerate "reverse brain drain," pushing talent back to India's booming tech scene.

·         Broader Economic and Sectoral Shifts: Indian IT exports to the U.S. ($50 billion+ annually) could shrink 15-20%, hitting GDP growth and remittances ($100 billion+ yearly). Sectors like healthcare and research, reliant on Indian doctors/engineers, may see talent shortages, while U.S. innovation lags—echoing first-term restrictions that cost 100,000+ jobs. The "Gold Card" offers a pricey workaround ($1-2 million for ultra-high-net-worth individuals), but it's inaccessible for most middle-class Indian aspirants.

Industry and Policy Backlash

Tech leaders are divided: Elon Musk (Tesla) supports reform for "essential" talent, but others like Sundar Pichai (Google, Indian-origin) warn of competitiveness erosion. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce decries it as a "tax on growth," projecting 0.5-1% GDP drag. Legal hurdles loom—immigration experts question its legality, as Congress sets fees for adjudication costs only, teeing up ACLU challenges. For India's government, this complicates BTA talks amid 50% U.S. tariffs and Chabahar tensions—visa reciprocity was a key ask. NASSCOM, India's IT lobby, called it "regressive," urging bilateral fixes. In summary, while elite Indian talent may endure, the fee erects a financial moat around the American Dream for the masses, potentially reshaping global mobility and U.S.-India ties. As one analyst quipped, "It's not a visa—it's a luxury good now- Watch for court battles and midterm fallout as the policy unfolds.”


Potential Impacts of Trump's $100K H-1B Visa Fee on the Indian Economy and Stock Markets

President Donald Trump's September 19, 2025, proclamation imposing a $100,000 annual fee on new H-1B visa petitions—effective September 21—targets what the administration calls "abuse" of the program, which brings 85,000 skilled foreign workers annually to the U.S. With Indians holding 70-72% of H-1B visas (over 377,000 petitions in FY2024), the policy could significantly disrupt India's $50 billion+ IT services exports to the U.S., remittances ($100 billion+ annually), and talent mobility.

Projections suggest a 30-50% drop in approvals, accelerating offshoring and domestic hiring but risking short-term GDP drag (0.2-0.5% in FY26) via reduced exports and consumer spending. Stock markets, already volatile from U.S. tariffs (50% on Indian exports) and Chabahar sanctions, saw IT shares dip ~5% on September 20, late US session.

Macroeconomic Impacts:

Overall, it may affect 0.5% of GDP, causing higher unemployment, but also lower inflation due to lower inbound remittances (cash flow); but higher USDINR may also boost imported inflation.

·         Export Revenue Hit: India's U.S. IT services exports (76% of total software exports) could shrink 15-20% ($7.5-10 billion annually) as firms like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro—top H-1B sponsors—face sponsorship costs totaling $300,000-600,000 per worker over 3-6 years. This exacerbates the trade deficit ($45B U.S. surplus with India) and slows FY26 GDP growth from 7% to 6.5-6.8%, per NASSCOM estimates.

·         Remittances and Consumption: H-1B workers remit $20-25 billion yearly; delays or denials could cut this by 10-15%, denting urban consumption (e.g., autos, durables) and retail sales in IT hubs like Bengaluru and Hyderabad. Rural/Urban/NRI inflows (via family ties) may dip, pressuring FMCG, real estate, and agri sectors.

·         Talent Reverse Flow and Upside: A "brain gain" could emerge, with 20,000-30,000 skilled returnees boosting startups (e.g., AI, fintech) and domestic R&D, adding 0.1-0.2% to long-term growth via innovation clusters. However, short-term unemployment in IT (5-7% rise) could strain social spending.

·         BTA Complications: Amid stalled Bilateral Trade Agreement talks, this adds leverage loss for India on visa reciprocity, potentially delaying tariff relief and worsening export slumps (14% drop in August).

Impacts on Key Sectors:

The policy disproportionately affects export-oriented and talent-dependent sectors, with ripple effects on domestic demand. IT bears the brunt, but real estate faces indirect pressure from reduced NRI spending. The $100K annual H-1B visa fee imposed by President Donald Trump on September 19, 2025, is expected to significantly impact several key sectors of the Indian economy, with varying degrees of disruption and potential for adaptation. The IT services sector, a cornerstone of India's economy contributing approximately 8% to GDP, faces the most immediate and severe effects.

IT export service/outsourcing-direct heavy impact

With a projected 40% drop in H-1B visa approvals, IT services exports to the U.S., valued at over $50 billion annually, could decline by 15-20%, translating to a $7.5-10 billion revenue loss. Major firms like TCS, Infosys, Wipro, and HCL, which rely heavily on H-1B visas for client-site deployments, are anticipated to see their margins contract by 2-5% due to increased costs of hiring in the U.S. or offshoring operations back to India. This could result in a GDP reduction of 0.3-0.5% for FY26. These IT stocks may slide by over 10-15% in the short term as a knee-jerk reaction.

Real Estate-Indirect impact-mixed

The real estate sector, accounting for about 7% of GDP, is poised for indirect but notable impacts. A 10-15% reduction in NRI remittances and FDI, driven by fewer H-1B approvals and returning tech professionals (estimated at 20,000-30,000), could soften demand in the premium housing segment by 5-8%, particularly in IT hubs like Mumbai and Bengaluru. This may lead to a 2-3% drop in rental yields in tech corridors. Stocks like DLF and Godrej Properties may see an adverse impact as NRI sales, which constitute 15% of the luxury market, face risks. However, a potential upside exists as returning talent could boost mid-tier housing demand in Tier-2 cities, mitigating some losses. Overall, the sector may see a 0.1% GDP drag in FY26.

Financials: Indirect-mixed impact

The banking, financial services, and insurance (BFSI) and consulting sectors, reliant on H-1B workers for global operations, are expected to face a 10-15% reduction in hiring, particularly for firms like Cognizant. Fintech startups may lose their global talent edge, and remittance-linked lending could dip, contributing to a 0.1-0.2% GDP impact. Stocks like HDFC and ICICI remained flat but adopted a cautious outlook due to exposure to NRI loans.

Healthcare/Pharma: Direct/Indirect impact-Moderate

The healthcare and pharmaceutical sector, where Indian doctors and engineers make up 10% of H-1B holders, may experience slower U.S. R&D collaborations, potentially delaying $10 billion+ in drug exports. However, the sector's impact on GDP is expected to be neutral to a modest -0.05%, with firms like Sun Pharma maintaining export resilience despite a narrower talent pipeline.

Automobiles/Consumer durables: Direct/Indirect moderate impact

The automotive and consumer durables sector could see a 5-7% sales drop due to reduced urban IT household consumption, affecting companies like Maruti and Tata Motors. Exports of EV and tech components may also face headwinds, contributing to a 0.1% GDP reduction. The combined economic toll across these sectors could shave 0.3-0.7% off India's GDP in FY26, though long-term gains from reverse migration and domestic tech growth may offset some losses.

Conclusions

Overall, the H1B Visa fee poses a near-term headwind (0.3-0.7% GDP shave) but could catalyze India's self-reliance in tech/realty via reverse migration. Markets may stabilize if waivers emerge or legal challenges (e.g., ACLU suits) delay implementation. But overall, Trump’s tone was softer than that of his Commerce Secretary and a known policy hawk Lutnick, which may pave the way for some compromise with ‘Great Friend’ Modi/India. At the same time, other developed IT-savvy countries like the UK, Germany/EU, and Canada may take similar H1B Visa actions on foreign workers for growing domestic political compulsions, increasingly nationalistic sentiment and various economic issues.

Technical outlook: Nifty Future, Bank Nifty Future, and USDINR

Looking ahead, whatever may be the narrative, technically Nifty Future (CMP: 25500) now has to sustain over 25650-25850 for a further further rally to 26000 and 26100/26300-26400/26500; otherwise, sustaining below25600-500, may slip to 25250/25050-24900/24750 and further to 24600/24500-24400/24300 and 24000 and 23600/23350*-23900/23750 and 23400*/23100-22600/22200 and further 22000-21700* the coming days.



Technically, Bank Nifty Future (55650) now has to sustain over 56300-56600 for a rally to 57000/57900 and only after sustaining 58100, may further rally to 58500/58900-60500/61000 and a further 61500-65750 in the coming days; otherwise, sustaining below 56000/55500-55300, BNF may again fall towards 55000-54900 and 54500/53900*-53500*/53000 and 52500*-52000/51500 and further 51000/50500-50000/49700 and 49200-47700 in the coming days.


Technically, USDINR-I now (88.25) has to sustain over 88.00 for a further rally to 88.50/88.75*-89.00/89.50 and 90.00/90.50-91.00/91.50 and 92.50-94.50 in the coming days; otherwise, sustaining below 87.50-87.00, USDINR may again fall to 86.50/86.00-85.50/85.00 and 84.00-83.50 in the coming days.



 

 

 

 

                                                                                                

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